@article {50,
	title = {Efficient Variant Set Mixed Model Association Tests for Continuous and Binary Traits in Large-Scale Whole-Genome Sequencing Studies.},
	journal = {Am J Hum Genet},
	volume = {104},
	year = {2019},
	month = {2019 02 07},
	pages = {260-274},
	abstract = {<p>With advances in whole-genome sequencing (WGS) technology, more advanced statistical methods for testing genetic association with rare variants are being developed. Methods in which variants are grouped for analysis are also known as variant-set, gene-based, and aggregate unit tests. The burden test and sequence kernel association test (SKAT) are two widely used variant-set tests, which were originally developed for samples of unrelated individuals and later have been extended to family data with known pedigree structures. However, computationally efficient and powerful variant-set tests are needed to make analyses tractable in large-scale WGS studies with complex study samples. In this paper, we propose the variant-set mixed model association tests (SMMAT) for continuous and binary traits using the generalized linear mixed model framework. These tests can be applied to large-scale WGS studies involving samples with population structure and relatedness, such as in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute{\textquoteright}s Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program. SMMATs share the same null model for different variant sets, and a virtue of this null model, which includes covariates only, is that it needs to be fit only once for all tests in each genome-wide analysis. Simulation studies show that all the proposed SMMATs correctly control type I error rates for both continuous and binary traits in the presence of population structure and relatedness. We also illustrate our tests in a real data example of analysis of plasma fibrinogen levels in the TOPMed program (n = 23,763), using the Analysis Commons, a cloud-based computing platform.</p>},
	keywords = {Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4, Cloud Computing, Female, Fibrinogen, Genetic Association Studies, Genetics, Population, Humans, Male, Models, Genetic, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U.S.), Precision Medicine, Research Design, Time Factors, United States, Whole Genome Sequencing},
	issn = {1537-6605},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.12.012},
	author = {Chen, Han and Huffman, Jennifer E and Brody, Jennifer A and Wang, Chaolong and Lee, Seunggeun and Li, Zilin and Gogarten, Stephanie M and Sofer, Tamar and Bielak, Lawrence F and Bis, Joshua C and Blangero, John and Bowler, Russell P and Cade, Brian E and Cho, Michael H and Correa, Adolfo and Curran, Joanne E and de Vries, Paul S and Glahn, David C and Guo, Xiuqing and Johnson, Andrew D and Kardia, Sharon and Kooperberg, Charles and Lewis, Joshua P and Liu, Xiaoming and Mathias, Rasika A and Mitchell, Braxton D and O{\textquoteright}Connell, Jeffrey R and Peyser, Patricia A and Post, Wendy S and Reiner, Alex P and Rich, Stephen S and Rotter, Jerome I and Silverman, Edwin K and Smith, Jennifer A and Vasan, Ramachandran S and Wilson, James G and Yanek, Lisa R and Redline, Susan and Smith, Nicholas L and Boerwinkle, Eric and Borecki, Ingrid B and Cupples, L Adrienne and Laurie, Cathy C and Morrison, Alanna C and Rice, Kenneth M and Lin, Xihong}
}
@article {47,
	title = {Weighted pseudolikelihood for SNP set analysis with multiple secondary outcomes in case-control genetic association studies.},
	journal = {Biometrics},
	volume = {73},
	year = {2017},
	month = {2017 12},
	pages = {1210-1220},
	abstract = {<p>We propose a weighted pseudolikelihood method for analyzing the association of a SNP set, example, SNPs in a gene or a genetic pathway or network, with multiple secondary phenotypes in case-control genetic association studies. To boost analysis power, we assume that the SNP-specific effects are shared across all secondary phenotypes using a scaled mean model. We estimate regression parameters using Inverse Probability Weighted (IPW) estimating equations obtained from the weighted pseudolikelihood, which accounts for case-control sampling to prevent potential ascertainment bias. To test the effect of a SNP set, we propose a weighted variance component pseudo-score test. We also propose a penalized IPW pseudolikelihood method for selecting a subset of SNPs that are associated with the multiple secondary phenotypes. We show that the proposed variable selection procedure has the oracle properties and is robust to misspecification of the correlation structure among secondary phenotypes. We select the tuning parameter using a weighted Bayesian Information-like Criterion (wBIC). We evaluate the finite sample performance of the proposed methods via simulations, and illustrate the methods by the analysis of the multiple secondary smoking behavior outcomes in a lung cancer case-control genetic association study.</p>},
	keywords = {Case-Control Studies, Computer Simulation, Genetic Association Studies, Humans, Likelihood Functions, Lung Neoplasms, Phenotype, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Smoking},
	issn = {1541-0420},
	doi = {10.1111/biom.12680},
	author = {Sofer, Tamar and Schifano, Elizabeth D and Christiani, David C and Lin, Xihong}
}
